rus
TS_pub
technospheramag
technospheramag
ТЕХНОСФЕРА_РИЦ
doi 10.22184/1993-8578.2024.17.2.134.142
The main reasons for transition to a new stage of industrial and economic development are considered, and a comparative analysis of the main conceptual provisions of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 is provided. The basic principles of industrial development in the conditions of transition to Industry 5.0 are formulated.
The main reasons for transition to a new stage of industrial and economic development are considered, and a comparative analysis of the main conceptual provisions of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 is provided. The basic principles of industrial development in the conditions of transition to Industry 5.0 are formulated.
INTRODUCTION
The Russian economy in modern conditions is unique because it has two pronounced vectors of development at once [1].
The first vector that emerged in 2000–2010 was the "knowledge economy", which determined orientation towards new knowledge and information, the innovations propensity for their widespread support. In Russia, this was accompanied and ensured by successful practical implementation of programmes for build-up and development of the information society.
The second vector, which took place in 2010–2020, was total digitalisation. In connection with it, a special form of innovation – digital innovation (knowledge, skills, technologies, production equipment, etc.) – has emerged, as well as a new type of competition between industrial organisations and business entities – digital competition.
The simultaneous involvement of both of these vectors achieves a synergetic effect in the form of accelerating the rate of industrial development and, accordingly, increasing competitiveness of its products.
An important aspect of industry digital transformation is the direct digitalisation of working process and the enterprise as a whole [2]. The practice of applying new technologies, as well as the digitalisation of key processes, makes it possible to respond quickly to problems arising within the enterprise right at the workplace. A new industrial model, Industry 5.0, is being developed in favour of the expansion of Industry 4.0 and is generating debate about the role and reasons for its emergence. Industry 4.0 is based on the concept of the smart factory, where smart products, machines, system storage, and data are combined to form a cyber-physical production system.
Smart manufacturing is a strategic priority common to all large manufacturing enterprises, such as the Smart Factory and the Industrial Internet of Things. Sensors and data technologies are increasingly being used to collect data at various stages of the product lifecycle, such as design, manufacturing, distribution, maintenance, and recycling. Big data analytics can fully exploit data to identify causes of failure, optimise the supply chain, optimise product performance, and improve manufacturing efficiency.
The smart factory concept, according to the author, includes the following:
industrial internet of things (IoT) – technological trends that imply that all sectors and equipment important for production are equipped with sensors and connected to the internet. Processes are managed and monitored in real time;
artificial intelligence – technologies and systems that analyse data to optimise equipment performance, adjust workflow in real time and monitor operations, for problem prediction and maintenance planning;
cloud technologies – technologies that are now widely used around the world, representing a system of networked access to shared information held remotely;
big data is a collective name for tools and methods for processing results. A huge amount of information from a constantly growing number of sources will be systematised and processed in such a way that the user of the processed data will receive qualitatively new information about the state of production;
cyber-physical system – a system with integrated computational and physical capabilities that can interact with humans through new modalities. A cyber-physical system can utilise artificial intelligence (AI) to process information and input data for decision-making in highly complex, non-linear and multi-stage manufacturing; – augmented (AR) and virtual (VR) reality. Undoubtedly, AR is more useful than VR, it is widely used in practice, as the use of AR greatly simplifies the use of technology in personnel training in medicine, education, in enterprises, by times increasing accessibility and functionality. At the same time VR, despite the supertechnology and increased interest from users has a number of internal problems associated with the limitation of markets of highly specialised areas, as well as the high cost today;
cognitive technologies are able to process information in unstructured form. The processing takes into account many factors, and the computer is capable of self-learning. If a conventional search engine gives out millions of links when asked on the Internet, the use of cognitive processes will provide a specific answer to the question posed;
digital cloning is a model of a real product (such as a car, processor or chip) that can be superimposed on products right during production. This allows companies to better analyse and optimise their manufacturing processes. For example, to speed up the development process of racing cars, Penske Truck Leasing contracted Siemens to use technology to create a digital clone of a part [10]. The model allowed engineers to virtually test new parts and optimise performance of the car before it was manufactured. The digital two-seater racing car was prepared based on sensors installed on a real car.
From the point of view of influencing the production efficiency growth, none of the above technologies taken separately is capable of ensuring the competitive high-tech products development in the long term. Only a combination of the above technologies and production solutions can provide a synergetic effect in high-tech products development. The aggregate of these technologies is called "factory of the future" in some sources [5]. The factory of the future is a production site for designing and creating fundamentally new, globally competitive and personalised products, which can be conditionally divided into three types:
digital factory;
smart factory;
virtual factory.
A digital factory (DF) is understood as an enterprise that implements a set of processes that apply technologies of digital design and modelling of products (items), as well as production processes. The DF concept is oriented towards reducing the time to bring a product (item) to market and increasing the intellectual intensity of new products (items).
A smart factory (SF) is built on the basis of DF and involves the use of advanced production technologies and equipment. The use of sensors and sensors, as well as automated process and production control systems, allows for rapid and flexible reconfiguration of production equipment, which in turn allows for increased productivity, energy efficiency and environmental friendliness of production.
A virtual factory (VF) is an association of DFs and SF, as well as component and service providers into a common distributed network. The main objective of VF is to increase the added value of products (items) through supply chain management systems.
An analysis of publications in the field under consideration allows us to identify the main distinguishing features of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0, which are shown in Fig.1 [2–5].
Nowadays, there is a need to move beyond pure efficiency of the Industry 4.0 model, automated smart factories still need to be human-centred. In parallel, there is the challenge of considering how technological and social systems can work in harmony to realise increased personalisation, greater resilience and increased resilience. The pursuit of Industry 5.0 is designed to put people back at the centre of industrial production so that they can make better use of their problem-solving, creative and critical thinking skills.
Economists describe Industry 5.0 as a "human participation revolution": a centred society in which industrial development is balanced with addressing social issues through a system that includes both cyberspace and physical space [7–20]. This allows integration of intelligent automation, systems and devices in the workplace to facilitate co-operation between people and machines. There are a number of benefits for the workforce as well, such as improved employee skills and the possibility of additional assignments in the workplace. In addition, this integration provides opportunity to combine intelligent systems with current workflows, resulting in greater operational efficiency for the enterprise as a whole. Consequently, the emphasis on mass production, automation and digitalisation, which have been key components of Industry 4.0, will be reduced.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Industry 5.0 revolution will help companies get the most out of their existing resources by helping management teams focus on more strategic tasks, such as strategic planning. Industry 5.0 enables innovation and creativity of human intelligence to be combined into complex, digital and modern industrial processes. Analyses of the modern economy show that without human involvement it is impossible to ensure efficient operation of a company, but on the other hand, it is necessary to limit the human factor to reduce possibility of morbidity, unnecessary losses and errors. Industry 5.0 will provide a higher level of personalisation of end products, which will allow for maximum satisfaction of the increasing needs of society. Customer satisfaction, as one of the key drivers of industry growth, ensures product positioning and opens up new markets.
The main idea of Industry 5.0 is an extension of Industry 4.0 with a more pronounced social and environmental aspect [3]. On the one hand, Industry 5.0 focuses on the skills, knowledge and abilities of workers to interact with machines or robots, on the other hand, on the flexibility in production processes and their impact on the environment. Industry 5.0 represents the next stage of industrial development, which includes the use of advanced technologies, to create more efficient, sustainable and personalised production systems.
One of the key elements of Industry 5.0 is the co-operation of man and machine. Whereas many manufacturing processes were previously fully automated and did not require human involvement, in Industry 5.0 manufacturing systems are designed so that humans and machines work in close co-operation. This allows the benefits of both to be utilised: machines can process large amounts of data and perform routine tasks, while humans can make decisions based on context and experience.
Another feature of Industry 5.0 is formation of more flexible production systems, such as bionic industrial systems, that can easily adapt to changing market requirements and consumer needs. This is particularly important in an opportunistic environment where businesses must react quickly to new requirements and make quick decisions.
CONCLUSIONS
According to the above mentioned, the following basic principles of Industry 5.0 [4] can be formulated as follows:
Integration. The providing of this principle implies not only the automation of production, but also development of conditions for interaction between man and machine, which as a result allows the best qualities of both parties to be taken into account;
Optimisation. Realisation of this principle implies the search for business models that use minimum resources to achieve maximum revenues, based on human-machine interaction;
Digitalisation. Realisation of this principle implies the large-scale use of advanced digital technologies in the production of goods and services;
Synergy. The implementation of this principle makes it possible the use of modern technologies (AI, IoT, cloud technologies, etc.) to automate production processes, but at the same time preserves the role of humans in the management and control of production;
Environmental friendliness. The implementation of this principle implies the use of energy-efficient technologies in order to reduce the ecological impact on the environment.
Industry 5.0 thus enables development of more efficient, sustainable and personalised production systems that can easily adapt to changing market conditions and societal needs, based on bionic development principles. Industry 5.0 represents the next step in the development of industry, enabling companies to improve their competitiveness and meet the growing needs of society. At the same time, the main focus is not only on technological innovation, but also on human processes and values, as well as nature-like technologies. In this regard, the main feature of Industry 5.0 is to form the innovative production systems that will be based on interaction between man and machine.
PEER REVIEW INFO
Editorial board thanks the anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. It is also grateful for their consent to publish papers on the journal’s website and SEL eLibrary eLIBRARY.RU.
Declaration of Competing Interest. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
The Russian economy in modern conditions is unique because it has two pronounced vectors of development at once [1].
The first vector that emerged in 2000–2010 was the "knowledge economy", which determined orientation towards new knowledge and information, the innovations propensity for their widespread support. In Russia, this was accompanied and ensured by successful practical implementation of programmes for build-up and development of the information society.
The second vector, which took place in 2010–2020, was total digitalisation. In connection with it, a special form of innovation – digital innovation (knowledge, skills, technologies, production equipment, etc.) – has emerged, as well as a new type of competition between industrial organisations and business entities – digital competition.
The simultaneous involvement of both of these vectors achieves a synergetic effect in the form of accelerating the rate of industrial development and, accordingly, increasing competitiveness of its products.
An important aspect of industry digital transformation is the direct digitalisation of working process and the enterprise as a whole [2]. The practice of applying new technologies, as well as the digitalisation of key processes, makes it possible to respond quickly to problems arising within the enterprise right at the workplace. A new industrial model, Industry 5.0, is being developed in favour of the expansion of Industry 4.0 and is generating debate about the role and reasons for its emergence. Industry 4.0 is based on the concept of the smart factory, where smart products, machines, system storage, and data are combined to form a cyber-physical production system.
Smart manufacturing is a strategic priority common to all large manufacturing enterprises, such as the Smart Factory and the Industrial Internet of Things. Sensors and data technologies are increasingly being used to collect data at various stages of the product lifecycle, such as design, manufacturing, distribution, maintenance, and recycling. Big data analytics can fully exploit data to identify causes of failure, optimise the supply chain, optimise product performance, and improve manufacturing efficiency.
The smart factory concept, according to the author, includes the following:
industrial internet of things (IoT) – technological trends that imply that all sectors and equipment important for production are equipped with sensors and connected to the internet. Processes are managed and monitored in real time;
artificial intelligence – technologies and systems that analyse data to optimise equipment performance, adjust workflow in real time and monitor operations, for problem prediction and maintenance planning;
cloud technologies – technologies that are now widely used around the world, representing a system of networked access to shared information held remotely;
big data is a collective name for tools and methods for processing results. A huge amount of information from a constantly growing number of sources will be systematised and processed in such a way that the user of the processed data will receive qualitatively new information about the state of production;
cyber-physical system – a system with integrated computational and physical capabilities that can interact with humans through new modalities. A cyber-physical system can utilise artificial intelligence (AI) to process information and input data for decision-making in highly complex, non-linear and multi-stage manufacturing; – augmented (AR) and virtual (VR) reality. Undoubtedly, AR is more useful than VR, it is widely used in practice, as the use of AR greatly simplifies the use of technology in personnel training in medicine, education, in enterprises, by times increasing accessibility and functionality. At the same time VR, despite the supertechnology and increased interest from users has a number of internal problems associated with the limitation of markets of highly specialised areas, as well as the high cost today;
cognitive technologies are able to process information in unstructured form. The processing takes into account many factors, and the computer is capable of self-learning. If a conventional search engine gives out millions of links when asked on the Internet, the use of cognitive processes will provide a specific answer to the question posed;
digital cloning is a model of a real product (such as a car, processor or chip) that can be superimposed on products right during production. This allows companies to better analyse and optimise their manufacturing processes. For example, to speed up the development process of racing cars, Penske Truck Leasing contracted Siemens to use technology to create a digital clone of a part [10]. The model allowed engineers to virtually test new parts and optimise performance of the car before it was manufactured. The digital two-seater racing car was prepared based on sensors installed on a real car.
From the point of view of influencing the production efficiency growth, none of the above technologies taken separately is capable of ensuring the competitive high-tech products development in the long term. Only a combination of the above technologies and production solutions can provide a synergetic effect in high-tech products development. The aggregate of these technologies is called "factory of the future" in some sources [5]. The factory of the future is a production site for designing and creating fundamentally new, globally competitive and personalised products, which can be conditionally divided into three types:
digital factory;
smart factory;
virtual factory.
A digital factory (DF) is understood as an enterprise that implements a set of processes that apply technologies of digital design and modelling of products (items), as well as production processes. The DF concept is oriented towards reducing the time to bring a product (item) to market and increasing the intellectual intensity of new products (items).
A smart factory (SF) is built on the basis of DF and involves the use of advanced production technologies and equipment. The use of sensors and sensors, as well as automated process and production control systems, allows for rapid and flexible reconfiguration of production equipment, which in turn allows for increased productivity, energy efficiency and environmental friendliness of production.
A virtual factory (VF) is an association of DFs and SF, as well as component and service providers into a common distributed network. The main objective of VF is to increase the added value of products (items) through supply chain management systems.
An analysis of publications in the field under consideration allows us to identify the main distinguishing features of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0, which are shown in Fig.1 [2–5].
Nowadays, there is a need to move beyond pure efficiency of the Industry 4.0 model, automated smart factories still need to be human-centred. In parallel, there is the challenge of considering how technological and social systems can work in harmony to realise increased personalisation, greater resilience and increased resilience. The pursuit of Industry 5.0 is designed to put people back at the centre of industrial production so that they can make better use of their problem-solving, creative and critical thinking skills.
Economists describe Industry 5.0 as a "human participation revolution": a centred society in which industrial development is balanced with addressing social issues through a system that includes both cyberspace and physical space [7–20]. This allows integration of intelligent automation, systems and devices in the workplace to facilitate co-operation between people and machines. There are a number of benefits for the workforce as well, such as improved employee skills and the possibility of additional assignments in the workplace. In addition, this integration provides opportunity to combine intelligent systems with current workflows, resulting in greater operational efficiency for the enterprise as a whole. Consequently, the emphasis on mass production, automation and digitalisation, which have been key components of Industry 4.0, will be reduced.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Industry 5.0 revolution will help companies get the most out of their existing resources by helping management teams focus on more strategic tasks, such as strategic planning. Industry 5.0 enables innovation and creativity of human intelligence to be combined into complex, digital and modern industrial processes. Analyses of the modern economy show that without human involvement it is impossible to ensure efficient operation of a company, but on the other hand, it is necessary to limit the human factor to reduce possibility of morbidity, unnecessary losses and errors. Industry 5.0 will provide a higher level of personalisation of end products, which will allow for maximum satisfaction of the increasing needs of society. Customer satisfaction, as one of the key drivers of industry growth, ensures product positioning and opens up new markets.
The main idea of Industry 5.0 is an extension of Industry 4.0 with a more pronounced social and environmental aspect [3]. On the one hand, Industry 5.0 focuses on the skills, knowledge and abilities of workers to interact with machines or robots, on the other hand, on the flexibility in production processes and their impact on the environment. Industry 5.0 represents the next stage of industrial development, which includes the use of advanced technologies, to create more efficient, sustainable and personalised production systems.
One of the key elements of Industry 5.0 is the co-operation of man and machine. Whereas many manufacturing processes were previously fully automated and did not require human involvement, in Industry 5.0 manufacturing systems are designed so that humans and machines work in close co-operation. This allows the benefits of both to be utilised: machines can process large amounts of data and perform routine tasks, while humans can make decisions based on context and experience.
Another feature of Industry 5.0 is formation of more flexible production systems, such as bionic industrial systems, that can easily adapt to changing market requirements and consumer needs. This is particularly important in an opportunistic environment where businesses must react quickly to new requirements and make quick decisions.
CONCLUSIONS
According to the above mentioned, the following basic principles of Industry 5.0 [4] can be formulated as follows:
Integration. The providing of this principle implies not only the automation of production, but also development of conditions for interaction between man and machine, which as a result allows the best qualities of both parties to be taken into account;
Optimisation. Realisation of this principle implies the search for business models that use minimum resources to achieve maximum revenues, based on human-machine interaction;
Digitalisation. Realisation of this principle implies the large-scale use of advanced digital technologies in the production of goods and services;
Synergy. The implementation of this principle makes it possible the use of modern technologies (AI, IoT, cloud technologies, etc.) to automate production processes, but at the same time preserves the role of humans in the management and control of production;
Environmental friendliness. The implementation of this principle implies the use of energy-efficient technologies in order to reduce the ecological impact on the environment.
Industry 5.0 thus enables development of more efficient, sustainable and personalised production systems that can easily adapt to changing market conditions and societal needs, based on bionic development principles. Industry 5.0 represents the next step in the development of industry, enabling companies to improve their competitiveness and meet the growing needs of society. At the same time, the main focus is not only on technological innovation, but also on human processes and values, as well as nature-like technologies. In this regard, the main feature of Industry 5.0 is to form the innovative production systems that will be based on interaction between man and machine.
PEER REVIEW INFO
Editorial board thanks the anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. It is also grateful for their consent to publish papers on the journal’s website and SEL eLibrary eLIBRARY.RU.
Declaration of Competing Interest. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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